The Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG), the governing body behind Bluetooth standards, recently unveiled Bluetooth mesh – a revolutionary networking structure tailored for Bluetooth Low Energy (LE) devices. This innovation promises enhanced reliability and scalability, catering to the diverse needs of IoT (Internet of Things) and home automation devices seeking efficient networking solutions. Bluetooth SIG asserts that the technology is readily deployable on devices utilizing Bluetooth v4.0 and above, indicating its imminent integration into consumer devices. With this development, let’s delve deeper into Bluetooth Mesh Networking and its implications for mainstream consumers.
To comprehend Bluetooth Mesh Networking and its future benefits for consumers, let’s delve into the essence of mesh networking technology.
Understanding Mesh Networking and its Functionality
The WiFi Alliance (WFA) leads in bringing technology to consumers with devices like Google Home, Google WiFi, and Google OnHub, all supporting WiFi Mesh. So how do they work? Mesh networking devices have several nodes, one typically acting as the gateway for your connection. Instead of traditional networks where each node communicates with a single access point (often called a ‘Hotspot’), all nodes in a mesh network communicate with one another, amplifying the signal and extending its range. In theory, the range can be extended infinitely, limited only by the number of devices in your network. Google OnHub (pictured) and other Google devices like Google Home and Google WiFi support mesh networking.
Though inexpensive range extenders achieve much of what costly mesh networking kits promise, mesh kits outperform traditional range extenders in speed. Mesh networking usually maintains network speed, unlike range extenders notorious for slowing connections. With mesh networking ensuring seamless connectivity over large areas, the era of searching for ‘hotspots’ may end, as wireless mesh networks could potentially connect entire cities using current technology in the near future.
Having observed WiFi mesh’s efficacy in eliminating ‘dead-zones’ and ensuring seamless connectivity throughout homes, it’s crucial to note that other wireless technologies can employ their own mesh networks. Philips, for instance, utilizes an IEEE 802.15.4-based standard named ‘ZigBee’ for its renowned ‘Hue’ smart lighting range. Additionally, Bluetooth SIG’s recent release of specifications for Bluetooth mesh sets the stage for intriguing competition among various platforms in the future.
Understanding Bluetooth Mesh Networking and its Connectivity Enhancements
Bluetooth mesh is essentially a mesh network utilizing Bluetooth technology for device connectivity. It functions on Bluetooth LE (Low Energy) and aligns with Bluetooth v4.0 and newer. However, adherence to these standards doesn’t guarantee compatibility. A recent Bluetooth press release clarified that only products designed for firmware upgradability can integrate Bluetooth Mesh support. Additionally, the available memory on your Bluetooth chip determines compatibility.
Bluetooth SIG has worked to enhance its technology for IoT applications. Many industry observers were surprised when the organization announced the Bluetooth 5 standard last December without mentioning mesh networking. The rise of IoT made the absence of mesh networking a critical problem for Bluetooth as a wireless connectivity option. Now that mesh networking is officially integrated into Bluetooth, it’s expected to provide enhanced range, faster data transfer, and interoperability with other technologies.
Increased range, particularly, should facilitate Bluetooth adoption in home automation environments. Devices with Bluetooth v4.0 and above will connect not only within a single building but also across multiple buildings. This expansion could boost Bluetooth beaconing, as the technology, announced in 2013, hasn’t gained traction despite its potential. Bluetooth beaconing enables Bluetooth-enabled devices to interact without pairing, serving messaging, tracking, and locating functions within a specified area.
Aside from beaconing, Bluetooth mesh also augments the robotics industry, enabling AI-based robots to communicate via this technology. Its application extends to energy management, smart cities, sensor networks, industrial automation, and IIoT (Industrial Internet of Things). Notably, smart light vendors express keen interest in adopting this technology.
Security of Bluetooth Mesh Networking
In light of recent Mirai and BrickerBot attacks on smart devices, privacy and security are paramount concerns regarding IoT. Is Bluetooth mesh networking secure? Bluetooth SIG assures us that the technology employs “256-bit elliptic curves” and out-of-band authentication for device inclusion. Communication within the network is encrypted using 128-bit AES-CCM keys and authenticated with 64-bit authentication (potentially up to 1088-bit) to thwart brute-force attacks. Encryption and authentication are implemented at both the network and application layers, ensuring that devices can only relay encrypted content decipherable with a separate application key.
To prevent Replay Attacks, Bluetooth SIG mandates fresh sequence numbers for every message, and obfuscates every packet sent to protect identity, even against packet sniffing. ECDH technology prevents Man-in-the-Middle (MITM) attacks, while a key-refresh procedure blacklists all removed devices to thwart trashcan attacks. Bluetooth SIG also implements procedures against ‘Physically insecure device attacks’ and ‘Visitor attacks’.
Will Bluetooth Mesh Networking Bring Immediate Benefits To End-Users?
While Bluetooth mesh networks are anticipated to proliferate, it’s crucial to recognize that the majority of applications will be commercial. Therefore, if you anticipate streaming music to multiple Bluetooth speakers at home using this technology, that notion is invalid. These devices primarily employ Basic Rate or Enhanced Data Rate technologies, tailored for uninterrupted wireless connections and optimized for audio streaming.
Mesh networking utilizes Bluetooth LE specifically designed for short-burst wireless connections and is optimized for networking with multiple devices. While this may halt grand dreams of daily home Bluetooth mesh usage, the advantage lies in the compatibility between Bluetooth speakers and Bluetooth mesh standards. This ensures uninterrupted music streaming and Bluetooth device usage, even within a Bluetooth mesh network.
What’s the Timeline for Commercial Deployment of Bluetooth Mesh Networking?
Bluetooth mesh networking has already been rolled out, and manufacturers can qualify their devices with Bluetooth SIG. However, qualifying a device must start anew. To register a product, it must either be new or modified for this purpose. Essentially, even if a product is technically compatible with Bluetooth mesh, it cannot yet be qualified for the standard. Nonetheless, it may still integrate into a mesh network in the future.
The Future of Bluetooth Mesh Networking
In the nascent stages of the IoT revolution, most developments remain experimental. The future remains uncertain, but today’s researchers are laying the groundwork for a more connected future with new technology. Bluetooth mesh networking may emerge as the preeminent technology connecting not only homes and offices but entire smart cities expected to become commonplace by the century’s end.
Now that you’ve learned about Bluetooth mesh, what do you envision for its future? Can it compete with established wireless mesh technologies like ZigBee? Share your thoughts in the comments below.
Pritam Chopra is a seasoned IT professional and a passionate blogger hailing from the dynamic realm of technology. With an insatiable curiosity for all things tech-related, Pritam has dedicated himself to exploring and unraveling the intricacies of the digital world.